The frequency is usually

Quantities of the sides x > 0 and < 0 are specified (or denoted, or designated) by the subscripts 0 and 1, respectively.

The frequency is usually symbolized by the Greek letter ν.

The size of the synthesized RNA usually approximates that of the parental molecule (биол.).

The frequency of such a vibration will be something like the rate with which the complex breaks up.

We convert the transmission term into a length dependent absorption via Eq. ().

The sporoplasm reaches the specific site of infection by way of the blood stream.

All ray power is transmitted across the interface.

Signals are transmitted from an external source by way of (or through) a transducer.

The biosynthesis of arginine starts with glutamic acid, and proceeds by way of ornithine and citruline.

The outputs of these cells are fed, via potentiometer circuits, to a galvanometer.

The cables enter the amplifier via a radio frequency filter unit.

The fan supplies air to the mine via the downcast manway.

This causes the expansion of the chamber within a few milliseconds of (or after) the passage of the particle.

This, 2 sec later, gives rise to...

After one second the speed will have increased to 2.7 centimetres per second.

The characteristics of the boundaries are usually expressed in terms of impedances.

Many definite integrals can be expressed in terms of Bessel functions.

коэффициент подавления общего вида
-
[IEV number 312-06-21]

EN

common mode rejection ratio
CMRR (abbreviation)
ratio of the voltage applied between a specified reference point and the input terminals, when connected together by a specified circuit, to the voltage required between the input terminals to produce the same value of the output
NOTE 1 – The common mode rejection ratio is usually expressed in decibels and can depend on the frequency, the waveform and the method of measurement.
NOTE 2 – Common mode rejection ratio can also apply to quantities other than voltage.
[IEV number 312-06-21]

FR

rapport de réjection de mode commun
rapport de la tension appliquée entre un point de référence spécifié et les deux bornes d'entrée connectées l'une à l'autre par un circuit spécifié, à la tension nécessaire entre les bornes d'entrée pour produire la même valeur de sortie
NOTE 1 – Le facteur de réjection de mode commun est généralement exprimé en décibels et peut dépendre de la fréquence, de la forme d’onde et de la méthode de mesure.
NOTE 2 – Le rapport de réjection de mode commun peut aussi s'appliquer à des grandeurs autres que les tensions.
[IEV number 312-06-21]

Тематики

• измерение электр. величин в целом

EN

• CMRR (abbreviation)
• common mode rejection ratio

DE

• Gleichtaktunterdrückungsverhältnis

FR

• rapport de réjection de mode commun

коэффициент подавления при последовательном включении
-
[IEV number 312-06-22]

EN

series mode rejection ratio
SMRR (abbreviation)
ratio of the series mode voltage causing a specified change in output information, to the voltage initiated by the measurand which would produce the same change
NOTE 1 – The series mode rejection ratio is usually expressed in decibels and may depend on the frequency, the waveform and the method of measurement.
NOTE 2 – Series mode rejection ratio can also apply to quantities other than voltage.
[IEV number 312-06-22]

FR

rapport de réjection de mode série
rapport de la tension de mode série, provoquant un changement spécifié d'information de sortie, à la tension résultant du mesurande qui produirait le même changement
NOTE 1 – Le facteur de réjection de mode série est généralement exprimé en décibels et peut dépendre de la fréquence, de la forme d’onde et de la méthode de mesure.
NOTE 2 – Le rapport de réjection de mode commun peut aussi s'appliquer à des grandeurs autres que les tensions.
[IEV number 312-06-22]

Тематики

• измерение электр. величин в целом

EN

• series mode rejection ratio
• SMRR (abbreviation)

DE

• Serientaktunterdrückungsverhältnis

FR

• rapport de réjection de mode série

смеситель частот
Электрическая цепь, создающая спектр комбинационных частот при подаче на нее двух или более сигналов разной частоты
[ ГОСТ 24375-80]

смеситель частот
-
[IEV number 151-13-69]

EN

(frequency) mixer
non-linear device for producing oscillations or signals the frequencies of which are specified linear combinations of integral multiples of the frequencies of the spectral components of two input oscillations or signals
NOTE – Usually, the output frequencies are the sum or difference of input frequencies.
Source: 713-07-23, 702-09-36 MOD
[IEV number 151-13-69]

FR

mélangeur (de fréquences), m
dispositif nonlinéaire destiné à fournir des oscillations ou des signaux dont les fréquences sont des combinaisons linéaires déterminées à coefficients entiers des fréquences des composantes spectrales de deux oscillations ou signaux d'entrée
NOTE – En général, les fréquences de sortie sont la somme ou la différence des fréquences d'entrée.
Source: 713-07-23, 702-09-36 MOD
[IEV number 151-13-69]

Тематики

• радиосвязь

Синонимы

• смеситель

EN

• (frequency) mixer

DE

• Frequenzmischer

FR

• mélangeur (de fréquences)

добротность
1. Количественная характеристика потерь колебательной системы при резонансе, равная

где Wк - полный запас энергии колебаний при резонансе;
Wп - потери энергии за период
[ Физический энциклопедический словарь]
2. Количественная мера потерь колебательной системы. Показывает, во сколько раз амплитуда вынужденных колебаний при резонансе превышает амплитуду на частоте, много меньшей резонансной при одинаковой внешней силе
3. Отношение резонансной частоты спектра колебаний к его ширине на уровне 0,707 от максимального значения амплитуды спектра
Примечание
Определения 2 и 3 являются достаточно точными для систем с высокой добротностью (Q >(5-10)), определение 1 пригодно во всех случаях
[Система неразрушающего контроля. Виды (методы) и технология неразрушающего контроля. Термины и определения (справочное пособие). Москва 2003 г.]

добротность (1)
коэффициент добротности (1)
-
[IEV number 151-15-45]

добротность (2)
коэффициент добротности (2)
-
[IEV number 151-15-46]

EN

quality factor (1)
Q factor (1)
for a capacitor or inductor under periodic conditions, ratio of the absolute value of the reactive power to the active power
NOTE 1 – The quality factor is a measure of the losses, usually unwanted, in a capacitor or an inductor.
NOTE 2 – The quality factor depends generally on frequency and voltage.
[IEV number 151-15-45]

quality factor (2)
Q factor (2)
for a resonant circuit at the resonance frequency, 2π times the ratio of the maximum stored energy to the energy dissipated during one period
NOTE – The quality factor is a measure of sharpness of the resonance.
Source: 801-24-12 MOD
[IEV number 151-15-46]

FR

facteur de qualité (1), m
facteur de surtension (1), m
pour un condensateur ou une bobine d'inductance en régime périodique, rapport de la valeur absolue de la puissance réactive à la puissance active
NOTE 1 – Le facteur de qualité caractérise les pertes, généralement non désirées, dans un condensateur ou une bobine d'inductance.
NOTE 2 – Le facteur de qualité dépend généralement de la fréquence et de la tension.
[IEV number 151-15-45]

facteur de qualité (2), m
facteur de surtension (2), m
pour un circuit résonant fonctionnant à la fréquence de résonance, 2π fois le rapport de l'énergie maximale emmagasinée dans le circuit à l'énergie dissipée pendant une période
NOTE – Le facteur de qualité caractérise l'acuité de la résonance.
Source: 801-24-12 MOD
[IEV number 151-15-46]

Синонимы

• коэффициент добротности

EN

• figure of merit
• Q factor
• QF
• quality factor

DE

• Gütefaktor (eines Kondensators oder eines Induktors)
• Gütefaktor (eines Resonanzkreises)

FR

• facteur de qualité
• facteur de surtension

3.17 добротность (Q-factor): Величина, характеризующая степень остроты резонанса или избирательность по частоте колебательной механической системы с одной степенью свободы и обратная удвоенному коэффициенту демпфирования.

Источник: ГОСТ 31418-2010: Методы испытаний на стойкость к механическим внешним воздействующим факторам машин, приборов и других технических изделий. Испытания на удар с воспроизведением ударного спектра оригинал документа

3.17 добротность (Q-factor): Величина, характеризующая степень остроты резонанса или избирательность по частоте колебательной механической системы с одной степенью свободы и обратная удвоенному коэффициенту демпфирования.

Источник: ГОСТ Р 53190-2008: Методы испытаний на стойкость к механическим внешним воздействующим факторам машин, приборов и других технических изделий. Испытания на удар с воспроизведением ударного спектра оригинал документа

Информационная плотность в беседе обычно ограничивается уровнем, обеспечивающим возможность непосредственного понимания. — In a conversation the density of information is usually kept to a level that makes immediate comprehension possible.

плотность распределения, относительная — relative frequency distribution

Показывает часть или процентное содержание значений данных в каждой группе. — A relative frequency distribution shows a fraction, or percentage, of data values in each class.

(длительный) допустимый ток
Максимальное значение электрического тока, который может протекать длительно по проводнику, устройству или аппарату при определенных условиях без превышения определенного значения их температуры в установившемся режиме
[ ГОСТ Р МЭК 60050-826-2009]

Этот ток обозначают I_Z
[ ГОСТ Р 50571. 1-2009 ( МЭК 60364-1: 2005)]

EN

(continuous) current-carrying capacity
ampacity (US)
maximum value of electric current which can be carried continuously by a conductor, a device or an apparatus, under specified conditions without its steady-state temperature exceeding a specified value
[IEV number 826-11-13]

ampacity
The current in amperes that a conductor can carry continuously under the conditions of use without exceeding its temperature rating.
[National Electrical Cod]

FR

courant (permanent) admissible, m
valeur maximale du courant électrique qui peut parcourir en permanence, un conducteur, un dispositif ou un appareil, sans que sa température de régime permanent, dans des conditions données, soit supérieure à la valeur spécifiée
[IEV number 826-11-13]

Ampacity, the term is defined as the maximum amount of current a cable can carry before sustaining immediate or progressive deterioration. Also described as current rating or current-carrying capacity, is the RMS electric current which a device can continuously carry while remaining within its temperature rating. The ampacity of a cable depends on:

• its insulation temperature rating;
• conductor electrical properties for current;
• frequency, in the case of alternating currents;
• ability to dissipate heat, which depends on cable geometry and its surroundings;
• ambient temperature.

Electric wires have some resistance, and electric current flowing through them causes voltage drop and power dissipation, which heats the cable. Copper or aluminum can conduct a large amount of current before melting, but long before the conductors melt, their insulation would be damaged by the heat.

The ampacity for a power cable is thus based on physical and electrical properties of the material & construction of the conductor and of its insulation, ambient temperature, and environmental conditions adjacent to the cable. Having a large overall surface area may dissipate heat well if the environment can absorb the heat.

In a long run of cable, different conditions govern, and installation regulations normally specify that the most severe condition along the run governs the cable's rating. Cables run in wet or oily locations may carry a lower temperature rating than in a dry installation. Derating is necessary for multiple circuits in close proximity. When multiple cables are near, each contributes heat to the others and diminishes the amount of cooling air that can flow past the individual cables. The overall ampacity of the insulated conductors in a bundle of more than 3 must be derated, whether in a raceway or cable. Usually the de-rating factor is tabulated in a nation's wiring regulations.

Depending on the type of insulating material, common maximum allowable temperatures at the surface of the conductor are 60, 75 and 90 degrees Celsius, often with an ambient air temperature of 30°C. In the U.S., 105°C is allowed with ambient of 40°C, for larger power cables, especially those operating at more than 2 kV. Likewise, specific insulations are rated 150, 200 or 250°C.

The allowed current in cables generally needs to be decreased (derated) when the cable is covered with fireproofing material.

For example, the United States National Electric Code, Table 310-16, specifies that up to three 8 AWG copper wires having a common insulating material (THWN) in a raceway, cable, or direct burial has an ampacity of 50 A when the ambient air is 30°C, the conductor surface temperature allowed to be 75°C. A single insulated conductor in air has 70 A rating.

Ampacity rating is normally for continuous current, and short periods of overcurrent occur without harm in most cabling systems. The acceptable magnitude and duration of overcurrent is a more complex topic than ampacity.

When designing an electrical system, one will normally need to know the current rating for the following:

• Wires
• Printed Circuit Board traces, where included
• Fuses
• Circuit breakers
• All or nearly all components used

Some devices are limited by power rating, and when this power rating occurs below their current limit, it is not necessary to know the current limit to design a system. A common example of this is lightbulb holders.

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampacity]

Тематики

• электротехника, основные понятия

Синонимы

• длительно допустимый ток
• допустимый ток

EN

• ampacity (US)
• continuous current
• continuous current-carrying capacity
• current-carrying capacity

DE

• Dauerstrombelastbarkeit, f
• Strombelastbarkeit, f

FR

• courant admissible, m
• courant permanent admissible, m

More extensive research is necessary before the significance of these findings can be understood.

Something more is needed if we are to understand how the Earth came to possess its core of iron.

A population inversion must be produced if laser action is to occur.

For energy to be absorbed radiation of a frequency... must be supplied.

To ensure that... remain constant, the electrode solution is usually a buffer.

Careful maintenance is essential if the machine is to give service and reliability of which it is capable.

All components must be accurately aligned in order that the pellet ( should) be impacted symmetrically.

In order that falls to 0.99 g, y must be 20 miles.

So that the worm and roller will continue to mesh, the contour of the underside of the worm gear is an arc with...

The rod should be made of mild steel so that it will bend easily.

For the laser approach to succeed the fuel must be compressed to 10,000 times normal liquid density.

In order for the switching system to work properly, the operations of the system must be synchronized.

More extensive research is necessary before the significance of these findings can be understood.

Something more is needed if we are to understand how the Earth came to possess its core of iron.

A population inversion must be produced if laser action is to occur.

For energy to be absorbed radiation of a frequency... must be supplied.

To ensure that... remain constant, the electrode solution is usually a buffer.

Careful maintenance is essential if the machine is to give service and reliability of which it is capable.

All components must be accurately aligned in order that the pellet ( should) be impacted symmetrically.

In order that falls to 0.99 g, y must be 20 miles.

So that the worm and roller will continue to mesh, the contour of the underside of the worm gear is an arc with...

The rod should be made of mild steel so that it will bend easily.

For the laser approach to succeed the fuel must be compressed to 10,000 times normal liquid density.

In order for the switching system to work properly, the operations of the system must be synchronized.

These problems have been solved using (or employing, or by application of) the Schrodinger equation.

This is usually accomplished via internal conversion.

These compounds may be separated by fractional crystallization or through the agency of enzymes.

Samples are prepared by different methods.

The levers are operated by ( means of) precision cams.

The low-frequency components are attenuated by the use of a coupling capacitor.

The temperature coefficients were determined through the use of...

This is more easily achieved with ( the use of) inorganic phosphors.

The readings are made with the help (or aid) of a microscope.

контроллер компенсации реактивной мощности
-
[Интент]

EN

automatic reactive power regulator, controller
circuit designed to calculate the reactive power absorbed by the load connected to the power line and to control the switching on and off of the steps of the automatic bank, in order to compensate for the reactive power
NOTE 1 The reactive power is normally calculated at the fundamental frequency.
NOTE 2 The controller may be “built-in” or “free-standing” and has usually to be adjusted for each bank before operation.
[IEC 61921, ed. 1.0 (2003-04)]

FR

régulateur varmétrique, régulateur
circuit conçu pour calculer la puissance réactive absorbée par la charge raccordée à l’alimentation de puissance et pour commander la connexion et la déconnexion des gradins de la batterie automatique de façon à compenser la puissance réactive
NOTE 1 La puissance réactive est normalement calculée à la fréquence fondamentale.
NOTE 2 Le régulateur peut être incorporé ou séparé et est normalement paramétré en fonction de la batterie avant fonctionnement.
[IEC 61921, ed. 1.0 (2003-04)]

Тематики

• качество электрической энергии
• компенсация реактивной мощности
• электроснабжение в целом

Синонимы

• контроллер коэффициента мощности

EN

• automatic reactive power controller
• automatic reactive power regulator
• power factor controller
• reactive power controller

FR

• régulateur régulateur
• régulateur varmétrique